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An entity whose income exceeds spending can make or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an institution whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity loans, reducing their costs, or increase your income. The creditor can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buying bonds or notes in the bond market. The creditor receives interest, the borrower pays interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference. A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors such as investment banks, which in turn is generally sell to the public. The stock gives whoever owns property part of that society. If you buy a share of XYZ Inc., and are 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), were 1 / 100 owner of this company. Of course, in exchange for stock, the company receives cash, which is used to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Joint Equity financing with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is named the company's capital structure. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by companies (corporate finance), as well as from a wide variety of organizations, including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the objectives of each of the above activities are carried out through the use of appropriate financial instruments, in view of their institutions. Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning for a new business is unlikely to be successful. The management of money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and organization. As a management or corporate finance is the task of providing funds for the activities of the company. For small businesses, this is referred to as the financing of SMEs. It involves balancing risk and profitability, in an effort to maximize an amount of wealth and the value of its stock. There is currently a move towards convergence and consolidation of Finance provisions shared services within an organization. Rather than an organization with a number of different services Finance play the same tasks from different locations more centralised version can be created. Financial Economics is the branch of economics who study the interrelationship of financial variables such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to those relating to the real economy. Financial Economics focuses on the real influence of economic variables on the financial, in contrast to pure finance. Experimental Finance aims to create a range of market environments and observe and analyze experimentally agents' behaviour and the resulting characteristics of trade flows, aggregation and dissemination of information, mechanisms for pricing, and returns processes . Researchers able to fund the study to what extent the economy existing financial theory makes predictions valid, and groped to discover new principles on which this theory can be extended. Research may proceed by conducting simulations of negotiation or establish and study the behaviour of individuals and artificial competitive market-like settings. Quantitative Behavioral Finance is a new discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioural bias, in conjunction with the evaluation. Some of this effort has been led by Gunduz Caginalp (Professor of Mathematics and editor of the Journal of Behavioral Finance during 2001-2004) and collaborators including Vernon Smith (2002 Nobel Prize for Economics), David Porter, Don Balenovich, Vladimira Ilieva , Ahmet Duran, Huseyin Merdan). Studies by Jeff Madura, Ray Sturm and others have shown significant behavioral effects of stocks and exchange traded funds. Finance qualifications: Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA), Association of Corporate Treasurers (ACT), Masters in Finance, Market Analyst Certified (CMA / FAD) Dual Designation, Master Financial Manager (MFM), Corporate Finance Qualification (CF) Register Financial Planner (RFP), Certified Financial Consultants (CFC)